The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research
The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research (JTAR) ISSN(Print): 1556-5106, ISSN(Online): 3069-1028, is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the advancement of accounting theory. Since its establishment in 2005, JTAR has served as a scholarly platform for rigorous and innovative research that deepens the understanding of accounting concepts, frameworks, and their implications across economic, regulatory, and organizational environments. JTAR emphasizes high-quality theoretical contributions that challenge conventional perspectives and stimulate critical discourse. The journal covers a wide range of topics including financial and managerial accounting, auditing, accounting ethics, corporate governance, sustainability accounting, and interdisciplinary approaches that intersect with economics, sociology, law, and information systems. Publisher : Riset Publishing Services LLC Published monthly, JTAR maintains a strict double-blind peer review process to ensure the integrity, relevance, and academic quality of all published work. As an open-access journal, all articles are freely and permanently accessible to a global readership, promoting inclusive and unrestricted knowledge sharing. With a diverse international editorial board and a strong commitment to ethical publishing standards, JTAR is a vital resource for researchers, educators, practitioners, and policymakers who seek to engage with the theoretical foundations and evolving directions of accounting thought.
Strategic Supply Chain Transformation through AI: A Theoretical Model for Performance and Sustainability
The contribution of artificial intelligence to strategic supply chain transformation and its influence on the operational performance and sustainability results. Based on the quantitative method, the study leverages an energy-conscious supply chain dataset of 3,050 observations to test the connection between AI proxies, supply chain activities, performance measures, and environmental measures. Artificial intelligence is theorized on the basis of data-driven operational conditions including traffic intensity, speed, and delay pattern whereas transformation is theorized on the basis of logistics configurations. The results also indicate that AI-related variables do not have a statistically significant direct impact on performance; nevertheless, they have an indirect effect as they influence the operation environments. Conversely, there is a strong support of sustainability outcomes, especially the strong connection between CO 2 emissions and fuel use that emphasize resource efficiency as the major motivation of environmental performance. The research highlights the role of supply chain transformation as an interaction tool between AI capabilities and performance as well as sustainability. The findings give a subtle insight into the role of AI in decision-making and optimization of logistic systems. The study is relevant to the literature as it incorporates the AI, change, and sustainability as a single unit and provides practical knowledge on organizations intending to attain effective and sustainable supply chain management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Santanu Roy, Dr. Shiny C M, S. Aishwarya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Theory and Accounting Principles: A Conceptual Examination of Market Behaviour
The accounting principles in operationalizing economic theory to explain observed market behaviour. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach that combines conceptual analysis, descriptive and relational statistical data, and is based on firm-level accounting principles, accounting ratios, valuation metrics, and stock prices. The analysis shows that accounting information is a formal process by which economic performance, efficiency and value creating are converted into market valuation and price dynamics. Accounting measures which influence investor expectations by mitigating information asymmetry and shaping market reads of firm fundamentals can be seen as playing a less passive role as a historical record, and more as an instrument of the firm in shaping expectations towards the firm. The results indicate stable relations between accounting-based performance measures and market-based valuation measures, and consistent relations between accounting fundamentals and changes in stock price over time. These findings back the opinion that market behaviour is entrenched in accounting systems and institutional reporting provisions. Focusing on the interpretative and informational functions of accounting, the study has a contribution to the theoretical issues of market efficiency and disclosure by demonstrating in which accounting principles qualify the interaction of economic activity and capital market performance. The study is given as a unifying framework of better understanding of the accounting-economics interface and give a basis to further study on disclosure, valuation, and market dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krishan Kumar Thakur, Shubh Karan Singh, Mayank Agrawal, Dr Alok Kumar, Dr. Rahmuddin Miyan, Dr. Anurag Kumar Jha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Performance Effects of the 2020 Public Sector Bank Mergers in India: Evidence from a Narrative Review of Consolidation Outcomes
The Indian banking sector has undergone a significant transformation since the post-liberalisation reforms, with consolidation emerging as a key strategy to address structural inefficiencies in public sector banks (PSBs). This study presents a narrative review of public sector bank consolidation in India, with a particular focus on the financial performance impact of the 2020 mega-merger. The review synthesises existing academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports to evaluate changes in key financial indicators, including profitability, asset quality, capital adequacy, liquidity, operational efficiency, and market response. The findings indicate that while consolidation strengthened the structural position of banks by improving scale, balance-sheet capacity, and solvency, the impact on profitability was uneven and often delayed due to integration challenges and provisioning pressures. Asset quality emerged as a critical determinant of post-merger performance, with banks inheriting higher stressed assets experiencing slower recovery. The review further highlights that financial outcomes varied significantly across merged entities, influenced by pre-merger conditions and the effectiveness of post-merger integration. Overall, the 2020 mergers contributed to enhanced financial stability but did not uniformly translate into improved earnings performance. The study underscores the importance of governance, integration capability, and sustained policy support in determining the long-term success of banking consolidation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vijaykumar Talawar, Dr.B.S.Navi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Theoretical Framework of Export Compliance Cost Accounting under Trade Regulation: Evidence from an Emerging Economy
International trade regulations impose significant compliance requirements that reshape cost structures in export-oriented industries. Despite their growing importance, compliance costs remain theoretically underdeveloped within cost accounting literature. This study develops a conceptual framework of export compliance cost accounting, integrating regulatory-induced costs into traditional cost accounting systems. Using secondary data from the Indian basmati rice export industry, particularly in Haryana and Punjab, the study examines how trade barriers such as tariffs, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, traceability requirements, and certification procedures increase export compliance costs. These costs include certification, testing, documentation, storage, logistics delays, and risk management, all of which contribute to higher total export costs and influence export profitability. Using secondary data from the Indian basmati rice export industry, the study illustrates how compliance costs such as certification, testing, documentation, and traceability form a substantial component of total export costs and influence profitability. The empirical analysis is used to support and demonstrate the proposed framework rather than to test causal relationships. The study contributes to accounting theory by extending cost classification boundaries to include institutionally induced costs, linking cost accounting with transaction cost economics and regulatory frameworks. The proposed model provides a generalizable analytical structure applicable to export-oriented industries operating under regulatory constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Garv, Dr. Renu Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Traditional and Digital Marketing Communication and Its Impact on Consumer-Based Brand Equity: An Empirical Study with Accounting Implications for Intangible Asset Recognition
The research investigates how combining traditional and digital marketing communications affects consumer-based brand equity (CBBE), emphasizing the mediating effects of brand awareness (BA) and brand image (BI). The study examines the role of coordinated communication strategies in creating brand value amid growing digitalization and competitive market dynamics. Data were gathered from 350 apparel consumers through a structured questionnaire, utilizing a quantitative, cross-sectional research design. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data and evaluate direct and mediating relationships among the constructs. The results show that both traditional and digital marketing communications significantly impact brand awareness and brand image, with the effect of digital communication being relatively stronger. Moreover, brand awareness has a beneficial effect on both brand image and consumer-based brand equity, with the former exerting a strong direct influence on the latter. The mediation analysis shows that BA and BI serve as partial mediators in the connection between marketing communication and brand equity. This research adds to the existing literature by offering empirical proof of how well integrated marketing communication (IMC) works, while also broadening its significance for accounting by viewing CBBE as a sign of the generation of intangible value. The results emphasize the necessity of gaining a better understanding of and incorporating marketing-driven value within accounting frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aarti, Shilpi Bagga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESG Reporting, Stakeholder Governance, and Organizational Performance: A Theoretical Accounting Perspective
This study develops a theoretical accounting framework to explain how stakeholder pressures shape Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and its implications for accounting-based organizational performance. Drawing on stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory, the paper advances a conceptual model that positions ESG reporting as an extension of contemporary accounting systems, integrating both financial and non-financial performance dimensions. Synthesizing insights from recent ESG and accounting literature, the study identifies stakeholder salience as a key driver of ESG disclosure intensity and proposes that ESG practices influence accounting outcomes through three primary mechanisms: legitimacy enhancement, information transparency, and innovation-driven efficiency. The framework further distinguishes between objective accounting performance measures and subjective performance evaluations, offering a multidimensional view of organizational performance within an expanded accounting paradigm. By conceptualizing ESG disclosure as a mediating construct between stakeholder pressure and accounting performance, the study contributes to theoretical accounting research by formalizing the role of non-financial reporting within accounting systems. The paper also advances the integration of sustainability considerations into accounting theory, highlighting the evolving boundaries of financial reporting in the context of global sustainability expectations. The proposed framework provides a foundation for future empirical testing and contributes to ongoing debates on the role of ESG in accounting measurement, disclosure, and performance evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sakshi Raghuvanshi, Prof. Ram Milan, Aman Verma, Soumya Sourav Behera, Mansi Choudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Engagement As An Intangible Asset: Evidence On Stakeholder Engagement And Intangible Value Sustainability In The Digital Economy
The rise in the use of digital platforms have transformed the mechanisms through which accounting-relevant organizational communication and value creation occur for consumers in a more interactive and relationship form of marketing. This study examines how technology-enabled organizational communication activities contribute to the formation of stakeholder engagement capital and long-term intangible asset sustainability. Adopting a quantitative research design, the study utilizes behavioral data derived from the Social Media Ad Engagement Dataset. A subset of 50 observations was selected in order to extract a small, clear and clean subset of data to guarantee data quality and clarity in analysis. Accounting-relevant disclosure intensity indicators were used to operationalize digital value-creation activities and the Stakeholder Engagement Capital was measured using behavioral and emotional reactions of clicks, length of engagement, sentiment score, and level of prior interaction. Intangible asset sustainability was assessed using behavioral accounting proxies, including conversions and repeated interactions. Descriptive and inferential analyses were employed to examine the relationships among the study variables. The findings offer theoretical implications for managerial accounting, intangible asset measurement, and accounting decision-making in digitally mediated environments. The Stakeholder Engagement Capital was found to mediate the relationship between social media marketing and Intangible Asset Sustainability, highlighting its central role in translating marketing efforts into sustained brand relationships. The research adds to the current body of literature by offering behavioural support of the social media marketing-engagement-loyalty nexus and presenting viable implications to managerial accounting decision-makers on how to build engagement-based approaches to create long-term Intangible Asset Sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Partho Banerjee, Dr. Ishika Agarwal, Raj Kumar Singh, Kaifi Azam, Debajyoti Chatterjee, Dr. Kavita Pandey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Industry 4.0 And Accounting Transparency: A Theoretical Framework For Decision-Usefulness In Smart Manufacturing
This study examines the implications of Industry 4.0 technologies for accounting transparency and the decision-usefulness of financial information in smart manufacturing environments. Drawing on theoretical foundations from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study develops a framework linking technological transparency, information quality, and stakeholder confidence. The article explores how stakeholder perceptions of smart factories affect the purchase intention through a combination of constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The quantitative, cross-sectional design was adopted, whereby 312 respondents were utilized and PLS-SEM was utilized to analyses the data. The results indicate that perceived quality of the products is greatly promoted through the perceived smart factory adoption and that transparency of technology ensures stakeholder trust. Both trusts, as well as perceived quality, have constructive impacts on purchase intention with perception being a major mediating factor. The study contributes to accounting theory by demonstrating how Industry 4.0 technologies enhance accounting transparency, improve information quality, and strengthen the decision-usefulness of accounting information for stakeholders. The proposed framework is further supported through empirical validation using PLS-SEM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Neelkanth Dhone (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Consumer Spending Behavior: An Econometric and Behavioral Analysis of Budget Allocation Patterns
Consumer spending behavior plays a vital role in shaping household welfare, financial stability, and overall economic growth. It looks at the determinants of total household spending and the pattern of budget allocation at the various categories using both econometric and behavioral models. The study is based on cross-sectional household data levels to determine the impact of income, demographic attributes, and savings preferences on both essential and discretionary spending. The findings show that income is the major factor in determining total expenditure and demographic factors including age and number of dependents are strong determinants of allocation priorities. The income elasticity analysis shows that goods that are needed and regarded as necessities such as rent, groceries and utilities are elastic goods that have elasticity values that are less than unity. On the other hand, the discretionary category like entertainment and eating out show elasticity which is more than one and this is a sign of luxury consumption behavior. In addition to economic factors, the behavioral variables are especially savings intentions, savings gaps, which are found to play an important role in determining the pattern of discretionary spending patterns and it was found that budgeting discipline mediates allocation decisions. The results point out that consumer spending patterns are based on economic ability as well as behavioral devotion to monetary objectives. The results carry important implications for financial planning, demand stabilization policies, and initiatives aimed at strengthening household-level financial resilience and sustainable economic development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Alikutty T P, Dr. Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Dr. V. Meenakshi, Ashish Mazumder, Reshma R, Dr. Vibhuti sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Behavioral Accounting and Decision-Making: A Theoretical Framework of Investor Discipline in Systematic Investment Plans
Sustainable wealth creation remains a critical challenge in emerging economies, where investors seek stability amid market volatility. This study develops a conceptual behavioral accounting framework that positions systematic investment processes as dynamic accounting systems. Investor discipline is theorized as an accounting-relevant construct influencing measurement stability, reporting reliability, and decision usefulness. The empirical analysis is employed illustratively to support theoretical development rather than as the primary contribution. This study examines Systematic Investment Plans in the Nifty 50 Total Return Index as a behaviorally structured investment mechanism for long-term financial decision-making. The findings are interpreted to demonstrate how behaviorally structured investment processes influence accounting measurement outcomes. Longer investment horizons further enhance consistency, confirming the role of disciplined and time-distributed investing. This study develops a behavioral accounting framework by conceptualizing investor discipline as an accounting-relevant construct influencing measurement stability and decision usefulness. It integrates behavioral biases, temporal investment consistency, and financial reporting dynamics to extend behavioral accounting theory. The study contributes to behavioral accounting by incorporating investor discipline into financial measurement and decision-making processes. The findings position systematic investment plans as behavior-driven accounting mechanisms that enhance measurement stability, support informed decision-making, and strengthen the theoretical understanding of behavioral influences in accounting systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pallavi Pandey, Kalyani Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Governance Dynamics and Firm Performance in Indian Public Sector Undertakings: A Pre- and Post-Pandemic Analysis
The issue of board structure and composition is also one of the consideration in the performance of the firm as well as the meaning and validity of the accounting-based indicators within organizations particularly regarding the Indian Public Sector Undertakings (PSU). This paper is part of the research undertaken in the accounting theory as it examines the impact of corporate governance mechanisms in measuring performance based on accounting and transparency and accountability systems. Particularly, it helps to establish a mental connection between governance systems and accounting, and the nature of the board is what predetermines the area of checking, recording, and interpreting financial data. The correlation between the significant governance variables that constitute board size, the independence of the board, executive compensation and firm size and performance of 40 Public Sector Enterprises is tested empirically based on panel data of the research sample between F.Y. 201718-2024 25 that is related to the S.P.B.S.E. PSU Index. There is also a discussion on COVID-19 pandemic whereby the working of governance can be researched during a stable economic state and during the climate of uncertainty. Dependent variable is Return on Assets (ROA) which is an accounting based ratio which shows the level to which an organization utilizes its assets. The results have defined that the composition of the boards is also a significant predictor of performance in accountants. Board independence, board size depicts a positive connection with ROA that implies that improved board governance systems increase effectiveness of the monitoring process, accountability and dependability and interpretation of accounting information. There is also positive correlation between the performance and executive remuneration and firm size. The reflection of its outcome gives the theoretical accounts of the governance-accounting interface, which shows that board structures play an important role in increasing the transparency, accountability, and credibility of financial reports.
Does a Disaggregated Earnings Forecast Enable Detection of Management’s Manipulation of Real Activities?
This study proposes that disaggregated earnings forecasts would potentially help investors to detect managers’ manipulation of real activities. A disaggregated forecast allows an item-by-item comparison of actual earnings against the forecasted numbers. It thus enables investors to identify changes in individual cost items that have contributed to the discrepancy between the forecasted and reported earnings. This study posits that the changes in cost items that are perceived to be controllable by management would lead investors to make inferences about management’s dispositions. Conversely, the changes that are perceived to be uncontrollable by management would unlikely be attributed to management. Based on attribution theory, the study hypothesizes that when a disaggregated earnings forecast is available, investors’ reactions to a reported earnings surprise would be a joint function of the earnings surprise and investors’ perception of management’s discretion over the cost item responsible for the earnings surprise. In specific, when firms beat the forecasted earnings, investors are expected to react less positively if the performance is accompanied by a reduction in discretionary expenses than if it is accompanied by a reduction in nondiscretionary expenses. In contrast, when firms miss forecasted earnings, investors are predicted to react less negatively if the performance is accompanied by an increase in discretionary expenses than if it is accompanied by an increase in nondiscretionary expenses. This study further proposes an experimental design to test this hypothesis. This study contributes the current literature by setting the stage for future studies to test disaggregated forecasts as a mechanism to detect management’s manipulation of real activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lei Dong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Industry 5.0 Meets Fintech Towards A Human-Centric Digital Economy: Implications For Accounting Systems And Reporting Frameworks
Industry 4.0 has revolutionized financial services through digital finance but remains limited in addressing sustainability, resilience, and human-centric concerns. This study explores how Industry 5.0 principles can bridge these gaps by fostering adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable digital financial systems. Using a conceptual approach, it synthesizes literature on Industry 5.0 and digital finance, integrating technologies like Edge AI, Generative AI, and Mixed Reality with human-centered values such as collaboration, personalization, and equity. The proposed framework includes stages of vision alignment, technology adoption, workforce enablement, and governance. Findings indicate that Industry 5.0 can enhance decision-making, improve transparency, and support AI-enabled reporting and accountability within financial system. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks, ethical AI issues, and skill shortages remain. The study emphasizes that human–machine collaboration can overcome Industry 4.0’s limitations while advancing transparency, empathy, and sustainability. By promoting equitable access, efficient resource use, and user-centric AI solutions, the research contributes to the emerging discourse on Industry 5.0 in digital finance, offering a roadmap for achieving efficiency, equity, and long-term financial resilience. This study contributes to accounting theory by proposing a conceptual framework for next-generation accounting systems integrating Industry 5.0 principles. It advances theoretical understanding of real-time accounting, AI-driven reporting, and socio-technical accounting systems. Implications for financial reporting, auditing, and sustainability accounting are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neha Gupta, Dr. Ashutosh Vashishtha, Dr. Ketan Bhatt (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimisation Of Transportation Networks Using Advanced SC Analytics: Implications For Managerial Accounting
Transportation networks are a critical component of modern SCs, enabling the efficient movement of goods across geographically dispersed markets. As global SCs become increasingly complex due to globalization, multi-modal transportation systems, and fluctuating demand patterns, organizations require advanced analytical approaches to improve logistics performance and cost efficiency. This review article examines The function of advanced chain of supplies analytics in optimizing transportation networks and explores its implications for managerial accounting practices. The study synthesizes existing literature on transportation network structures, analytical optimization models, and digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, machine learning, and blockchain. These technologies support data-driven decision-making by improving route optimization, demand forecasting, fleet management, and resource allocation within logistics systems. The review also highlights the importance of managerial accounting tools, including activity-based costing, performance measurement systems, and cost allocation frameworks, in evaluating transportation efficiency and supporting strategic financial planning. In addition, the paper discusses sustainability considerations in transportation networks, emphasizing green logistics strategies such as low-carbon transportation planning, eco-routing models, and environmental cost accounting. Despite the advantages of advanced analytics, organizations face several implementation challenges, including data quality issues, high technological investment costs, integration with legacy systems, and cybersecurity risks. The review concludes that integrating advanced SC analytics with managerial accounting frameworks can significantly enhance transportation network optimization, cost transparency, & SC management's strategic decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Jasdeep Singh Chadha, Dr. Yavar Ehsan, Dr. Pravash Ghosh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accounting-Based Performance Evaluation and Risk Measurement in Financial Reporting: A Conceptual Evaluation of Indian Flexi-Cap and Large-Cap MutualFunds
The present study examines the Capital Asset Pricing Model as a framework for accounting-based performance and risk measurement in the financial reporting of Indian Flexi-Cap and Large-Cap mutual funds during the post-reclassification period. Monthly fund returns were computed from reported Net Asset Values, while benchmark excess returns were proxied using NIFTY 500 TRI for Flexi-Cap funds and NIFTY 50 TRI for Large-Cap funds. The 91-day Treasury Bill rate was employed as the proxy for the risk-free rate and the study evaluated the performance of mutual funds from April 2021 to March 2025. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is interpreted not merely as an asset-pricing model, but as a conceptual framework for understanding Net Asset Value-based reporting and standardised performance evaluation. The findings indicate that mutual fund returns are explained largely by systematic market exposure, while statistically significant abnormal performance is limited to only a few schemes. This suggests that the post-reclassification environment has improved comparability and strengthened the interpretation of mutual fund performance through market-linked risk measures. In this context, beta represents systematic risk in reporting, whereas alpha serves as a limited indicator of abnormal accounting performance. The study contributes to accounting research by repositioning the Capital Asset Pricing Model as a framework that contributes to the standardisation of performance measurement, provides a theoretical basis for measuring risk-adjusted returns and enhances comparability of financial reporting. The study extends the discussion beyond model validation to an accounting-oriented theoretical interpretation.
Accounting-based performance measurement
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Suneera A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Mobile Banking Adoption and Financial Inclusion at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Theoretical Framework Integrating Accounting Accountability, Regulatory, Ethical, and Behavioral Perspectives”
Mobile banking has become an essential tool to enhance access to financial services, particularly for those who lack traditional banking options. The data was collected from 108 street vendors from selected regions of Northern India, using a snow ball sampling method. This study creates a framework that combines user behavior, regulatory factors, and ethical considerations to understand how mobile banking encourages responsible financial practices. The research expands on existing models to highlight mobile banking's role in fostering ethical and transparent financial actions, beyond just being a tech innovation. The current study strengthens the understanding of how inclusion supported by digital technology can strengthen the ethics, accountability and integrity in financial reporting and governance systems through integration of digital adoption with accounting theory. The model prioritizes theoretical framework integration over empirical applicability, providing a framework for upcoming research on the behavioral and ethical foundations of accounting in the domain of digital finance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vandana Chotani, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Tarunpreet Bhatia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Faculty Perspectives on the Science of Teaching Accounting and Law in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Culture, Issues and Technological Challenges
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across economic and institutional domains has significantly transformed the way knowledge is generated, processed, and applied within professional disciplines. Accounting education is increasingly influenced by these technological developments as artificial intelligence reshapes financial reporting systems, auditing processes, and the analytical frameworks that underpin accounting knowledge. Similar transformations have been observed in professional disciplines such as legal education, where the availability of digital databases, automated research tools, and AI-enabled analytical systems has altered the traditional role of faculty from knowledge transmitters to facilitators of critical reasoning and professional judgment. Insights from the broader literature on professional education suggest that technological change challenges long-standing pedagogical models across disciplines and requires institutional adaptation. Legal education has experienced similar kind of transformations, where the proliferation of digital legal databases and AI-supported analytical tools has altered the traditional role of faculty from knowledge transmitters to facilitators of critical reasoning and professional judgment. As digital accounting platforms, automated auditing tools, and predictive financial analytics become integral to modern accounting practice, universities are compelled to reconsider traditional approaches to accounting pedagogy and curriculum design. While the integration of AI technologies into accounting education offers substantial opportunities for enhancing analytical capabilities and data-driven decision making, it also presents important challenges concerning curriculum adaptation, faculty preparedness, and institutional support mechanisms. This study investigates the perspectives of accounting faculty regarding the evolving landscape of accounting education in the era of artificial intelligence. Using a structured questionnaire distributed among accounting faculty across Indian universities, the study captures quantitative and qualitative insights into pedagogical practices, institutional readiness, and technological challenges in accounting education. The findings reveal that while faculty members recognise the transformative potential of AI in strengthening accounting information systems and financial analysis capabilities, significant gaps remain in training, digital infrastructure, and curriculum integration. By linking technological developments with the evolving nature of accounting knowledge and education, the study contributes to the broader theoretical discourse on how artificial intelligence is reshaping accounting education and the future development of accounting theory in digitally driven economic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof.(Dr) SK Bose, Mr. Deepak Bansal, Ms Akanshi Taneja, Ms Kritika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linking National Pension System And Inclusive Growth: A Conceptual Framework
Purpose: This paper theoretically examines the National Pension System (NPS) as an institutional reporting and accountability architecture within social security, emphasizing how disclosure, governance reporting, and transparency mechanisms shape stakeholder trust and long-term resource allocation in an ageing economy. By taking base of Life-Cycle Hypothesis and Welfare Economics, a conceptual framework has been developed which shows connectedness between NPS and inclusivity. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study utilizes a conceptual framework and a theoretical review methodology. It additionally anchors the conceptual model in theoretical accounting perspectives—stewardship theory, disclosure theory, and public accountability—treating NPS as an accounting infrastructure that reduces information asymmetry, strengthens fiduciary reporting, and improves governance credibility. It merges the principles of economics, financial inclusion and inclusive growth theories thereby establishing a framework that explains how NPS fosters inclusive growth through various mediating and moderating factors. The study further tests the propositions drawn from the conceptual model using quantitative, explanatory, and longitudinal research design to assess the relationship between NPS and India’s inclusive growth. Using panel data from both inter-household variations and temporal dynamics has been taken enabling robustness in fostering inclusive growth through pension frameworks. Mediating and moderating variables allows the longitudinal framework for assessing the direct and indirect effects. Findings: The study found three major intermediating variables after going through intense review of literature which are as follows social fairness, long-term capital formation, and financial inclusion (2020-2026). This paper also highlights the involvement of NPS with SDGs 1, 8 & 10. The present study helped the researchers and academicians in developing strong foundation for further evaluating the effectiveness of structural and economic reforms in transitional economy. Originality/ Value: This research advances theoretical accounting literature by proposing a model that positions NPS beyond a retirement savings vehicle-as an institutional accounting and reporting infrastructure in which disclosure quality, governance reporting, and accountability mechanisms influence sustainable and equitable growth. Whereas established literature predominantly approaches pension schemes as a standalone system, this work integrates multiple theoretical approaches to propose a holistic, mechanism-based framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Neeti Hooda, Dr Priyanka Saroha, Jasleen Kaur Sarpal, Ms. Priya Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical Perspectives on Fintech Adoption, Financial Innovation, and Digital Marketing in Modern Financial Systems
The rapid diffusion of financial technology (FinTech) has reconfigured the architecture of contemporary financial systems by transforming service delivery models, competitive dynamics, and institutional governance structures. Online platforms, artificial intelligence, mobile payment solutions, and open banking systems have increased the pace of financial innovation and redefined the customer-financial institution and regulatory relationship. In this paper, the integrative theoretical framework is established at a high level, which links fintech adoption, organizational innovation, and systemic digital transformation to an analytic framework at various levels. On the micro level, the process of fintech adoption is described by the interplay of assurance of relation and technological utility. Perceived usefulness and ease of use affect behavioral intention and trust and perceived security reduce the uncertainty that is involved in electronic financial transaction. At the meso level, efficient fintech implementation promotes the operational efficiency, innovativeness, and competitiveness in a strategy that is coordinated with the institutional preparedness and governance systems. Macro-level Fintech is associated with financial inclusion, modernization of infrastructure, and restructuring the market through the reduction of the barriers to entry and competition in platform-based ecosystems. The conceptualization of the analysis is that fintech transformation is a recursive process where the personal adoption is induced to create an organizational innovation that further changes the competitive and regulatory environment. Sustainable digital financial ecosystems therefore require alignment between technological advancement, trust-building strategies, and adaptive regulatory oversight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sarojkant Singh, Dr. Raja Ghosh, Dr. Seema Thakur, Dr. Rakesh, Dr. Poonam Wani, Dr. Sunil Kumar Srivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Theoretical Modeling of Fintech-Driven Sustainability Reporting: Balancing Profitability and Ethical Governance in SMEs"
Sustainability reporting is a pressing issue for SMEs in emerging markets, where resource limitations interact with intensifying stakeholder pressures for credible ESG reporting in the absence of harmonized global standards (GRI, TCFD, CSRD cascades). Conventional accounting models are inadequate to integrate these conflicting forces, emphasizing short-term profitability at the expense of ethical governance and greenwashing risks and legitimacy gaps. The original contribution of this research combines the benefits of fintech (blockchain transparency and AI analytics) with stakeholder, legitimacy, and agency theories to develop the first comprehensive theoretical model to facilitate synergistic profitability-ethics outcomes for SMEs. Contrary to the descriptive nature of previous research, our abductive approach, validated through Delphi consensus methodology (n=15 experts), hypothesizes fintech as a mediator that can compensate for 30-50% of reporting costs, reduce information asymmetry, and establish scalable institutional legitimacy through immutable disclosure trails. The major hypotheses illustrate the existence of causal relationships not previously established in the literature: (H1) Real-time ESG analytics improve profit maximization; (H2) Blockchain technology resolves agency problems in governance; (H3) Legitimacy theory moderates the stronger effects of Global South institutional forces. This theoretical model fills important gaps in the literature while providing practical implications for SME managers, policymakers and future PLS-SEM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Parul Mittal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Liquidity Management Practices and Firm Stability in Small-Scale Industrial Enterprises
This study examined the liquidity management practices adopted by small-scale industrial enterprises and analyzed their effect on firm stability. A quantitative research approach was employed using a descriptive and explanatory cross-sectional survey design. Primary data were collected from 80 respondents, including owners, managers, accountants, and supervisors of small-scale industrial enterprises operating in manufacturing, agro-processing, textile, and related sectors. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographic characteristics, liquidity management practices, and firm stability indicators. Liquidity management practices were measured through cash management, receivables management, inventory management, and payables management, while firm stability was assessed using indicators of operational continuity, financial resilience, and sustainability. Descriptive statistical results revealed that enterprises moderately applied liquidity management practices, with cash management being the most emphasized dimension and receivables management showing comparatively weaker control. Firm stability indicators also reflected a moderate level of resilience, particularly in sustainability improvement and financial planning. Inferential analysis showed that liquidity management practices had a positive and statistically significant relationship with firm stability. Regression analysis further indicated that liquidity management practices significantly predicted firm stability, although the explanatory power was modest, suggesting the influence of additional factors beyond liquidity practices. The findings underscore the importance of effective liquidity planning in enhancing enterprise stability and resilience. The study offers valuable insights for enterprise managers, policymakers, and financial institutions in strengthening liquidity management frameworks and designing supportive financial policies for small-scale industrial enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shweta Tiwari, Dr.Manish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Green HRM Practices on Sustainability Reporting Quality: Evidence from Emerging Economies
Sustainability accounting has evolved from voluntary corporate social responsibility disclosures to structured ESG reporting embedded within global governance frameworks. While existing research predominantly explains sustainability reporting through external pressures such as regulation, stakeholder activism, and legitimacy concerns, limited attention has been given to the internal organizational capabilities that shape disclosure quality. This study develops a theoretical framework linking Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) to sustainability reporting quality, addressing the microfoundations gap in sustainability accounting theory. Adopting a theory-driven integrative review approach, the paper synthesizes literature from sustainability accounting, corporate governance, and strategic HRM. It integrates stakeholder, legitimacy, institutional, agency, and signaling theories with resource-based and dynamic capabilities perspectives to construct a capability-centered conceptual model. The review identifies Green HRM as a critical microfoundational governance mechanism that enhances sustainability reporting quality through environmental human capital development, ethical climate formation, performance incentives, and innovation support. Reporting quality is reconceptualized as a multidimensional construct encompassing accuracy, completeness, verifiability, strategic alignment, and longitudinal consistency. Institutional conditions moderate the relationship between Green HRM and substantive disclosure outcomes. The study advances sustainability accounting theory by positioning human capital systems as internal drivers of credible ESG reporting and by proposing an integrated sustainability accounting framework grounded in organizational capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paras Gupta, Dr. Gaurav Jaiswal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bias, Fairness and the Machine in the Sustainable Digital Ecosystem: An Analytical Survey on Confronting Inequality in the Digital World
The bursting growth of digital technologies has changed the way we classify, assess risk and allocate resources. Algorithmic models are increasingly operating as infrastructures of measurement in contemporary institutions. This research builds a theoretical accounting, derived accounting perspective to explore algorithmic bias and fairness in the sustainable digital ecosystems. Through analytical synthesis of interdisciplinary scholarship and documented empirical cases, the paper conceives algorithmic systems as extensions of accounting infrastructures with functions of recognition, measurement and classification. It argues that the sorts of biases built into the processes of data selection, proxy-based measurement and optimization represent forms of representational distortion like misstatement in accounting systems. Integrating together the distributive justice, capability theory and accountability scholarship, the study shows that the issue of algorithmic fairness is not a technical problem, but essentially a governance and institutional design problem. Comparative analysis on regulatory developments shows emerging dependency on risk-based classification, disclosure requirements and audit like oversight, and ongoing lack of developed areas of enforceability and contestability. The paper concludes that sustainable algorithmic governance would need structured accountability mechanisms that embed auditability, participatory oversight and contextual regulatory integration which would extend measurement, audit, and sustainability accounting theory into the field of algorithmic decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof.(Dr) SK Bose, Mr. Deepak Bansal, Prof. (Dr) Yogita Sharma, Dr. Aditi Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconceptualizing Integrated Financial Risk Management: A Theoretical Accounting Framework For Volatile Markets In Emerging Economies
Emerging markets are increasingly exposed to financial volatility driven by global financial cycles, capital flow fluctuations, and cross-market spillovers, which pose significant challenges for effective financial risk management. Traditional risk management approaches often treat risk as a peripheral managerial function, resulting in fragmented practices that fail to capture systemic interconnectedness and accounting implications. This study aims to reconceptualize integrated financial risk management by developing a theoretical framework that is specifically suited to volatile emerging market environments. Adopting a conceptual and theory-building approach, the study synthesizes insights from the literature on financial volatility, risk spillovers, and accounting-based risk disclosure to construct an accounting-centered framework for financial risk management. The proposed framework integrates risk identification, measurement, validation, mitigation, governance, and disclosure within a unified structure that emphasizes decision-usefulness and transparency. By positioning accounting systems as the central mechanism through which financial risks are processed and communicated, the framework enhances understanding of how organizations can strengthen resilience under conditions of uncertainty. The study contributes to accounting and financial theory by providing a structured conceptual foundation for analyzing financial risk in emerging markets and offers guidance for future empirical research and policy development aimed at improving financial stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Apratim Baruah, Dr. Vimalkumar Mistry, S. Aishwarya, Dr. Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Radhika Sandhad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mom Influencers and Strategic Communication on Instagram: A study of Constructing Motherhood in Indian online space
Mothers are the new influencers on Instagram that appeal to the strongest human emotion and make motherhood an efficient tool to market different products. This strategic communication has seen some success and these influencers’ posts have found sponsors. This research aims to study how Indian mother influencers construct motherhood on Instagram. Taking the framework of crystallization in the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) and theory of Trans para-Social Interaction, the researchers examined Instagram for construction of motherhood by mother influencers as neo-agenda setters and how users in their social network are shaping it through their attitudes and beliefs. Objectives included analysing elements of motherhood in the content and presentation of the posts, exploring aspects of commercial promotion and users’ attitude towards content. The study analysed 100 posts uploaded by ten Indian Instagram mother influencers-those with minimum three sponsored posts. Simple random sampling was used to choose first ten accounts with posts appearing in community #indianmomblogger during March 2024. Further, first ten posts from each account were randomly taken for sample. Using mixed methods approach, the researchers conducted content analysis with ‘post’ as the unit of analysis. Quantitative variables about mother, child and commercial aspects of posts were combined with qualitative elements of visual grammar and analysis of users’ sentiments for carrying out the study. The researchers concluded that the motherhood shown in these posts is largely artificial and a pushed one to make profit out of it for which children are the means to an end. The followers look up to them to share their experiences and seek guidance which largely boils down to consumerism.
influencers, motherhood, social construction of technology, trans para-social interaction, content analysis, consumerism
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Chetna Bhatia, Prof Shikha Rai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing The Impact Of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption On Financial Statement Comparability And Market Efficiency
This study constructs a conceptual framework to describe the effect of International Financial Reporting Standards adoption on reporting quality and market conduct using the financial statement comparability mechanism. The model suggests that adoption of the standards increases comparability as it fosters similar recognition, measurement and disclosure of the entities and jurisdictions. Enhanced comparability minimizes information asymmetry among the financial statement users, which enhances more appropriate valuation, effective price discovery, and eventually higher market efficiency. The paper goes further to indicate that the extent to which these benefits are realised is determined by the institutional settings, such as enforcement of the regulations, quality of audits, cultural and investor sophistication. The research will fill the gaps in the literature, which frequently offers disjointed results on the impact of standard adoption by incorporating the knowledge of accounting, finance, and institutional theory. The model is conceptual in nature and as such enables us to have a holistic view of the reporting reforms in terms of the economic outcomes. The paper wraps up by establishing the prospects of future empirical research that can confirm the suggested links and apply the framework to the new reporting areas, such as digital reporting and sustainability disclosures.
International Financial Reporting Standards, comparability, information asymmetry, market efficiency, institutional environment
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sachin Lad, Dr. Sreelakshmi P, Dr. L. Geetarani Devi, Radhika Sandhad, Dr. Manisha, Dr. CA Jayesh Manjrekar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Accountant Decision Behavior Through Theoretical Lenses: An Analytical Study of Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Models
The present study will create a theoretical model that is used to justify accountant decision behavior in terms of cognitive, affective, and behavioral (CAB) dimensions. It is a response to the necessity of a single model that would relate the reasoning, emotion, and ethical behavior to the professional decision-making in the sphere of accounting. The theoretical and analytical research design was applied, which is the systematic literature review and thematic content analysis of 50 peer-reviewed articles published in the years 2018-2025. The CAB framework was used to arrange the data in order to determine the repetitive patterns in the cognitive reasoning, affective influence, and behavioral outcomes. These dimensions were synthesised to form a composite model of accountant decision behaviour through the analysis. Findings revealed that cognitive reasoning had the biggest influence (40%), with the next highest influence was the affective and behavioral factors (30% each). Emotional control, analytical reasoning and professional scepticism were reported to be the best predictors of ethical and professional consistency. The result of thought and emotion was reflected in the behavioral compliance, and the clarity of ethics was stimulated by emotional stability. The research study has established the relevance of combining analytical reasoning and emotional intelligence in accounting education, professional ethics, and during audit training. The CAB model provides suggestions on how to create programs that enhance moral stamina and quality of choice in accountants. The CAB model confirms that cognition triggers decision-making, affect moderates ethical reasoning and behavior is the final act of professional action. It is a holistic approach to theory of how accountants think, feel and behave, which further develops behavioral accounting theory.
Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Model, Accountant Decision Behavior, Ethical Judgment, Behavioral Accounting, Professional Skepticism
Copyright (c) 2026 Sushant Rajput, Manisha Patil, Hetal Chandulal Rathod, Dr Priyanka Bhatt, Prof. Amol Ankush, Dr. Neelam Sheoliha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role Of Cultural Identity In Accounting Information Interpretation: An Indian Perspective Across Borders
Using the Indian expatriate community in the United Arab Emirates as the primary focal point, this paper examines how cultural identity influences the interpretation and trust in accounting and financial reporting information across borders. The study integrates behavioral accounting and cultural psychology perspectives, arguing that deeply embedded cultural values, societal norms, and collective memory shape how individuals process financial disclosures, assess reporting credibility, and rely on audit assurances. While globalization homogenizes financial practices, core cultural scripts continue to mold the interpretation of accounting information, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive financial reporting frameworks. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with structured interviews. Data were collected from 63 Indian participants (residents and expatriates) to ensure demographic diversity. Advanced statistical techniques, including ANOVA and multiple regression, were used to analyze differences in accounting information interpretation. Findings reveal that cultural identity significantly affects trust in financial disclosures and reliance on institutional assurance mechanisms. Indian expatriates in the UAE demonstrate distinct interpretive patterns compared to their counterparts in India, influenced by cultural adaptation and financial socialization. These insights offer important implications for accounting standard-setters, auditors, and corporate disclosure strategists, highlighting the need for culturally tailored communication and assurance frameworks. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data. Future research should adopt longitudinal approaches to track interpretive shifts over time.
Cultural Identity, Accounting Information Interpretation, Behavioral Accounting, Disclosure Usefulness, Assurance Credibility, Indian Expatriates, Mixed-Methods, Financial Reporting Trust
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Haritha Girish, Dr. Jaya Jacob M, Ms. Fabeena Fasal, Dr. Rafeeka Mol C A, Dr. Minnie Mary Ninan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cognitive and Behavioral Responses to ESG Accounting Disclosures: A Gender-Based Study
This study looks into investors’ cognitive processing and behavioral appraisal of accounting disclosures by ESG and sustainability accounting, as well as gender differences in these assessments. Our study looks at ESG as non-financial accounting information from a decision usefulness, transparency, and disclosure credibility perspective. We analyses how investors assess the credibility of ESG information reported by companies, apart from the application of accounting judgement in valuing investment alternatives. The study uses data from 450 individual investors in Asia-Pacific. Within the framework of this study, a conceptual framework is tested using covariance based structural equation modelling (SEM). The cognitive factors being the financial literacy, risk perceive and objective ESG knowledge, while the behavioral factors include social norm, ethical judgement, and trustee signaling in ESG disclosures affect the usefulness of ESG accounting information and evaluative decision. The paper specifies attitude towards ESG information and perceived return as mediators. Besides, the researchers apply multi-group SEM to test measurement invariance. They further test accounting judgement differences across gender. The model’s output evidence that it had good psychometric properties (χ2/df= 2.18, CFI= 0.95, RMSEA= 0.05, SRMR= 0.04), have good reliability and valid construct (CR ≥ 0.80, AVE≥ 0.50), and have discriminant validity. The structural outcomes point out that both cognitive evaluations (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and behavioral evaluations (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) are considered significant building blocks to develop ESG disclosure credibility and decision usefulness. Furthermore, attitude toward ESG information partially mediates the relationship between cognitive evaluations and behavioral evaluations and ESG disclosure credibility and decision usefulness. Perceived return plays the weakest mediation role. The analysis of multiple groups shows that behaviour is. This research contributes to sustainability accounting theory and shows how, by understanding ESG as not only an investment attribute but also as sustainability accounting disclosure, disclosure credibility, cognitive interpretation, and ethical judgement jointly determine the decision usefulness of ESG. Results obtained from this study have major implications for ESG reporting frameworks, standard setters and assurance providers requiring enhanced transparency, standardization and credibility in sustainability reporting for investor-oriented accounting outcomes.
ESG investment; cognitive drivers; behavioral drivers; gender differences; structural equation modelling; attitude; perceived return
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Karimunnissa Begum Shaik, Dr. Y. Srinivasa Rao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization Techniques In Financial Portfolio Management: A Mathematical Perspective
Traditional portfolio optimization models, such as the mean–variance framework, often fall short in addressing uncertainty, parameter estimation errors, and nonlinear investor objectives. This study provides a unified mathematical framework incorporating convex, stochastic, robust, and multi-objective optimization methods to model financial portfolios with greater theoretical rigor. The paper derives analytical conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and sensitivity of optimal solutions across formulations. A simplified symbolic example with three assets demonstrates the practical implications: increasing the risk aversion coefficient from 1 to 10 resulted in a 40% reduction in portfolio volatility, accompanied by a 15% decrease in expected return. This shift reflects a predictable yet mathematically tractable trade-off between risk minimization and return sacrifice, as governed by parameter tuning within each optimization model. The study underscores the value of mathematical generalization for improving the realism and robustness of portfolio models without relying on empirical backtesting. The comparison of model behaviors provides deep insight into the structural flexibility needed for informed financial decision-making under uncertainty. Theoretical contributions include formal derivations, comparative complexity analysis, and guidance for future integration with intelligent adaptive systems and algorithmic frameworks.
portfolio optimization, convex optimization, stochastic modeling, robust optimization, mathematical finance, risk minimization
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Deepa Damodaran, Dr. Vivek Sharma, Dr Virendra Vasant Tatake, Dr. Rahul Pal, Dr Sunil Kumar Srivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0